11/20/2023 0 Comments Venezuelans marked with numbers![]() Interestingly, VEEV IE strains from recent Mexican epizootics appear to be equine neurovirulent but are not known to produce high-titer viremia in equids. These enzootic strains generally circulate among rodents in forest or swamp habitats in continuous cycles. ![]() By contrast, the enzootic strains in subtype I varieties D–F, and subtypes II–VI, are typically avirulent for equids, although they cause clinical disease in humans that is indistinguishable from that caused by epizootic strains. They exist in the epizootic cycle for periods of only months to years, and are thought to become extinct between outbreaks because the supply of naive horses becomes exhausted through mortality and immunity in survivors. In this article, we refer to these subtype IAB/C, equid-amplified strains as epizootic. Only subtype I varieties AB and C have been associated with major equine epizootics and epidemics involving up to hundreds of thousands of equids and humans. Unknown (Brazil), Oeciacus vicarius (Colorado)Īedes (Ochlerotatus) hastatus, Aedes aegyptiĪt least 14 subtypes and varieties within the VEE complex have been described ( Table 1 & Figure 2). In this article, we provide an overview of the current status of endemic VEE that results from spillover of the enzootic cycles, and we discuss public health measures for disease control as well as future avenues for VEE research.Ĭulex (Melanoconion) ocossa, panocossa, vomerifer, pedroi, adamesiĬulex (Melanoconion) taeniopus, Deinocerites pseudes, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) taeniorhynchus The potential emergence of epizootic viruses from enzootic progenitors further highlights the need to strengthen surveillance activities, identify mosquito vectors and reservoirs and develop effective strategies to control the disease. Thus, the disease burden of endemic VEE in developing countries remains largely unknown, but recent surveillance suggests that it may represent up to 10% of the dengue burden in neotropical cities, or tens-of-thousands of cases per year throughout Latin America. Clinically, VEE is indistinguishable from dengue and other arboviral diseases and confirmatory diagnosis requires the use of specialized laboratory tests that are difficult to afford in resource-limited regions. Outbreaks have been recorded for decades in countries with enzootic circulation, and the recent implementation of surveillance systems has allowed the detection of additional human cases in countries and areas with previously unknown VEE activity. Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) is an emerging infectious disease in Latin America.
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